> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.sdf.com/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# All Supported Functions

## `abs`

Returns the absolute value of x.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select abs(-1) as value; -- value '1.0'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function abs(tinyint) returns tinyint
function abs(smallint) returns smallint
function abs(bigint) returns bigint
function abs(double) returns double
function abs(decimal(p, s)) returns decimal(p, s)
function abs(real) returns real
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#abs)

## `acos`

Returns the arc cosine of x.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select acos(0.5) as value; -- value '1.0471975511965976'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function acos(double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#acos)

## `array_agg`

Returns an array created from the input x elements.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
CREATE TABLE tbl AS VALUES (1), (5), (9);  SELECT array_agg(column1) AS value FROM tbl;
 -- value '[1, 5, 9]'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function array_agg($1) returns array<$1>
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/aggregate.html#array_agg)

## `array_distinct`

Remove duplicate values from the array x.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT array_distinct([1, 2, 3]) as value; -- value '[1, 2, 3]'
SELECT array_distinct([1, 1, 2, 3]) as value; -- value '[1, 2, 3]'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function array_distinct(array<$3>) returns array<$3>
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/array.html#array_distinct)

## `array_except`

Returns an array of elements in x but not in y, without duplicates.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT array_except([1, 1, 2, 3], [1]) AS value; -- value '[2, 3]'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function array_except(array<$3>, array<$3>) returns array<$3>
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/array.html#array_except)

## `array_intersect`

Returns an array of the elements in the intersection of x and y, without duplicates.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT array_intersect([1, 1, 2, 3], [1]) AS value; -- value '[1]'
SELECT array_intersect(['hello', 'world'], ['hello']) AS value; -- value '[hello]'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function array_intersect(array<$3>, array<$3>) returns array<$3>
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/array.html#array_intersect)

## `array_join`

Concatenates the elements of the given array using the delimiter. Null elements are omitted in the result.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT array_join(['hello', 'world'], ' beautiful ') AS value; -- value 'hello beautiful world'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function array_join(array<$1>, varchar) returns varchar
function array_join(array<$1>, varchar, varchar) returns varchar
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/array.html#array_join)

## `array_max`

Returns the maximum value of input array.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function array_max(array<$1>) returns $1
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/array.html#array_max)

## `array_min`

Returns the minimum value of input array.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function array_min(array<$1>) returns $1
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/array.html#array_min)

## `array_position`

Returns the position of the first occurrence of the element in array x (or 0 if not found).

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT array_position([1, 1, 2], 1) AS value; -- value '1'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function array_position(array<$1>, $1) returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/array.html#array_position)

## `array_remove`

Remove all elements that equal element from array x.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT array_remove([1, 1, 2], 1) AS value; -- value '[2]'
SELECT array_remove(['hello', 'bad', 'world'], 'bad') AS value; -- value '[hello, world]'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function array_remove(array<$3>, $3) returns array<$3>
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/array.html#array_remove)

## `array_sort`

Sorts and returns the array x. The elements of x must be orderable. Null elements will be placed at the end of the returned array.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function array_sort(array<$3>) returns array<$3>
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/array.html#array_sort)

## `array_union`

Returns an array of the elements in the union of x and y, without duplicates.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT array_union([1, 1], [2]) as value; -- value '[1, 2]'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function array_union(array<$3>, array<$3>) returns array<$3>
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/array.html#array_union)

## `asin`

Returns the arc sine of x.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select asin(1) as value; -- value '1.5707963267948966'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function asin(double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#asin)

## `atan`

Returns the arc tangent of x.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select atan(0) as value; -- value '0.0'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function atan(double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#atan)

## `atan2`

Returns the arc tangent of y / x.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select atan2(1, 0.5) as value; -- value '1.1071487177940904'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function atan2(double, double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#atan2)

## `avg`

Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of all input values.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
CREATE TABLE tbl AS VALUES (1), (5), (9); 
 SELECT avg(tbl.column1) AS value FROM tbl; -- value '5.0'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function avg(double) returns double
function avg(decimal(p, s)) returns decimal(p, s)
function avg(real) returns real
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/aggregate.html#avg)

## `cardinality`

Returns the cardinality (size) of the array x.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT cardinality([1, 1, 2]) as value; -- value '3'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function cardinality(array<$3>) returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/array.html#cardinality)

## `cbrt`

Returns the cube root of x.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT cbrt(328509) as value; -- value '69.0'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function cbrt(double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#cbrt)

## `ceil`

This is an alias for ceiling().

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT ceil(1.3) AS value; -- value '2.0'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function ceil(bigint) returns bigint
function ceil(double) returns double
function ceil(real) returns real
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#ceil)

## `ceiling`

Returns x rounded up to the nearest integer.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function ceiling(bigint) returns bigint
function ceiling(double) returns double
function ceiling(real) returns real
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#ceiling)

## `chr`

Returns the Unicode code point n as a single character string.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select chr(61) as value; -- value '='
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function chr(bigint) returns varchar
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/string.html#chr)

## `coalesce`

Returns the first non-null value in the argument list. Like a CASE expression, arguments are only evaluated if necessary.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
CREATE TABLE tbl as VALUES ('1', null), ('2', '2'), (null, '3');
SELECT 
    COALESCE(column1, column2) as value
FROM tbl;
 -- value '('1', '2', '3')'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function coalesce($1, ...) returns $1
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/conditional.html#coalesce-function)

## `codepoint`

Returns the Unicode code point of the only character of `string`.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT codepoint('😊') AS value; -- value '128522'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function codepoint(varchar) returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/string.html#codepoint)

## `concat`

Returns the concatenation of string1, string2, ..., stringN. This function provides the same functionality as the SQL-standard concatenation operator (||).

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select concat('hello ', 'world!') as value; -- value 'hello world!'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function concat($3, array<$3>) returns array<$3>
function concat(array<$3>, ...) returns array<$3>
function concat(array<$3>, $3) returns array<$3>
function concat(varchar, varchar) returns varchar
function concat(varchar, ...) returns varchar
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/string.html#concat)

## `concat_ws`

Using the first array `string0` element as separator, returns the concatenation of all subsequent strings string1, string2, ... If \`string0\`\` is null, then the return value is null. Any null values provided in the arguments  after the separator are skipped.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT concat_ws('😊', 'hey', 'there', 'people') AS value; -- value 'hey😊there😊people'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function concat_ws(varchar, array<varchar>) returns varchar
function concat_ws(varchar, ...) returns varchar
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/string.html#concat_ws)

## `contains`

Takes an array and an element. Returns true if the array contains the element, false if not.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT contains(['hello', 'world'], 'hello') AS value; -- value 'true'
SELECT contains(['hello', 'world'], '😊') AS value; -- value 'false'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function contains(array<$1>, $1) returns boolean
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/array.html#contains)

## `cos`

Returns the cosine of x.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select cos(1.0) as value; -- value '0.5403023058681398'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function cos(double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#cos)

## `cosh`

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of the given value.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT cosh(0) AS value; -- value '1.0'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function cosh(double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#cosh)

## `count`

Returns the number of input rows.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
CREATE TABLE tbl AS VALUES (1), (5), (9); 
 SELECT count(tbl.column1) AS value FROM tbl; -- value '3'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function count() returns bigint
function count($1) returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/aggregate.html#count)

## `cume_dist`

Returns the cumulative distribution of a value in a group of values.  The result is the number of rows preceding or peer with the row in the window ordering  of the window partition divided by the total number of rows in the window partition.  Thus, any tie values in the ordering will evaluate to the same distribution value.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function cume_dist() returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/window.html#cume_dist)

## `current_date`

Returns the current date as of the start of the query.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT current_date() AS value; -- value '2024-06-20'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function current_date() returns date
```

*Note: current\_date() is stable,  i.e. might return a
different value for a different query execution.*

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#current_date)

## `current_time`

Returns the current time with time zone as of the start of the query.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT current_time() AS value; -- value '13:52:34.245364'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function current_time() returns time
```

*Note: current\_time() is stable,  i.e. might return a
different value for a different query execution.*

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#current_time)

## `current_timestamp`

Returns the current timestamp with time zone as of the start of the query, with 3 digits of subsecond precision,

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT current_timestamp() AS value; -- value '2024-06-21T13:53:41.809016Z'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function current_timestamp() returns timestamp
function current_timestamp(0) returns timestamp(0)
function current_timestamp(3) returns timestamp(3)
function current_timestamp(6) returns timestamp(6)
function current_timestamp(9) returns timestamp(9)
```

*Note: current\_timestamp() is stable,  i.e. might return a
different value for a different query execution.*

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#current_timestamp)

## `date`

This is an alias for CAST(x AS date).

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function date(varchar) returns date
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#date)

## `date_diff`

Takes a unit, timestamp1, and timestamp2. Returns timestamp2 - timestamp1 expressed in terms of unit.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT date_diff('second', TIMESTAMP '2020-03-01 00:00:00', TIMESTAMP '2020-03-02 00:00:00') AS value; -- value '86400'
SELECT date_diff('hour', TIMESTAMP '2020-03-01 00:00:00 UTC', TIMESTAMP '2020-03-02 00:00:00 UTC') AS value; -- value '24'
SELECT date_diff('day', DATE '2020-03-01', DATE '2020-03-02') AS value; -- value '1'
SELECT date_diff('second', TIMESTAMP '2020-06-01 12:30:45.000000000', TIMESTAMP '2020-06-02 12:30:45.123456789') AS value; -- value '86400'
SELECT date_diff('millisecond', TIMESTAMP '2020-06-01 12:30:45.000000000', TIMESTAMP '2020-06-02 12:30:45.123456789') AS value; -- value '86400123'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function date_diff(varchar, date, date) returns bigint
function date_diff(varchar, time(p), time(p)) returns bigint
function date_diff(varchar, timestamp(p), timestamp(p)) returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#date_diff)

## `date_format`

Formats timestamp as a string using format.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT date_format(TIMESTAMP '2022-10-20 05:10:00', '%m-%d-%Y %H') AS value; -- value '10-20-2022 05'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function date_format(timestamp(p), varchar) returns varchar
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#date_format)

## `date_parse`

Parses string into a timestamp using format.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function date_parse(varchar, varchar) returns timestamp
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#date_parse)

## `date_part`

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function date_part(varchar, time(p)) returns double
function date_part(varchar, timestamp(p)) returns double
function date_part(varchar, date) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation]()

## `date_trunc`

Returns x truncated to unit.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function date_trunc(varchar, timestamp(p)) returns timestamp(p)
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#date_trunc)

## `day`

Returns the day of the month from x.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT day(date('2022-10-20')) AS value; -- value '20'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function day(date) returns bigint
function day(timestamp(p)) returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#day)

## `day_of_month`

This is an alias for day().

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function day_of_month(date) returns bigint
function day_of_month(timestamp(p)) returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#day_of_month)

## `day_of_week`

Returns the ISO day of the week from x. The value ranges from 1 (Monday) to 7 (Sunday).

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function day_of_week(date) returns bigint
function day_of_week(timestamp(p)) returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#day_of_week)

## `day_of_year`

Returns the day of the year from x. The value ranges from 1 to 366.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function day_of_year(date) returns bigint
function day_of_year(timestamp(p)) returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#day_of_year)

## `degrees`

Converts angle x in radians to degrees.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT degrees(3.14159) AS value; -- value '179.9998547447946'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function degrees(double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#degrees)

## `dense_rank`

Returns the rank of a value in a group of values. This is similar to rank(), except that tie values do not produce gaps in the sequence.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT name, DENSE_RANK() OVER (ORDER BY score) AS dense_rank_col FROM (
    VALUES ('A', 10), ('B', 20), ('C', 20), ('D', 30)
) AS t (name, score)
 -- value '('A', 1), ('B', 2), ('C', 2), ('D', 3)'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function dense_rank() returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/window.html#dense_rank)

## `dow`

This is an alias for day\_of\_week().

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function dow(date) returns bigint
function dow(timestamp(p)) returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#dow)

## `doy`

This is an alias for day\_of\_year().

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function doy(date) returns bigint
function doy(timestamp(p)) returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#doy)

## `element_at`

Returns element of array at given index. If index > 0, this function provides the same functionality as the SQL-standard subscript operator (\[]), except that the function returns NULL when accessing an index larger than array length, whereas the subscript operator would fail in such a case. If index \< 0, element\_at accesses elements from the last to the first.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function element_at(array<$3>, bigint) returns $3
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/array.html#element_at)

## `exp`

Returns Euler’s number raised to the power of x.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select exp(1.0) as value; -- value '2.718281828459045'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function exp(double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#exp)

## `first_value`

Returns the first value of the window.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function first_value($1) returns $1
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/window.html#first_value)

## `flatten`

Flattens an array(array(T)) to an array(T) by concatenating the contained arrays.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT flatten(
    ARRAY [ARRAY [1, 2],
    ARRAY [3, 4]])
AS value;
 -- value '[1, 2, 3, 4]'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function flatten(array<array<$3>>) returns array<$3>
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/array.html#flatten)

## `floor`

Returns x rounded down to the nearest integer.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function floor(bigint) returns bigint
function floor(double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#floor)

## `from_unixtime`

Returns the UNIX timestamp unixtime as a timestamp with time zone. unixtime is the number of seconds since 1970-01-01 00.00.00 UTC.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT from_unixtime(999919900) AS value; -- value '2001-09-08T03:31:40'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function from_unixtime(bigint) returns timestamp
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#from_unixtime)

## `greatest`

Returns the largest of the provided values.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT greatest(1, 2, 3) AS value; -- value '3'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function greatest($3, ...) returns $3
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/comparison.html#greatest)

## `grouping`

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function grouping(...) returns int
```

[🔗 Official Documentation]()

## `hour`

Returns the hour of the day from x. The value ranges from 0 to 23.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function hour(time(p)) returns bigint
function hour(timestamp(p)) returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#hour)

## `if`

Evaluates expression parameter and returns second if condition is true, otherwise null is returned and true\_value is not evaluated.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT IF(2 > 1, 'HIGHER', 'LOWER') AS value; -- value 'HIGHER'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function if(boolean, $1, $1) returns $1
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/conditional.html#if-expression)

## `index`

Alias for strpos() function.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT INDEX('abcdefg', 'c') -- value '3'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function index(varchar, varchar) returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/teradata.html#index)

## `is_nan`

Determine if `x` is not-a-number.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select is_nan(1.1) as value; -- value 'false'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function is_nan(double) returns boolean
function is_nan(real) returns boolean
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#is_nan)

## `lag`

Returns the value at offset rows before the current row in the window partition. Offsets start at 0, which is the current row. The offset can be any scalar expression.  The default offset is 1. If the offset is null, an error is raised. If the offset refers to a row that is not within the partition, the default\_value is returned, or if it is not specified null is returned. The lag() function requires that the window ordering be specified. Window frame must not be specified.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT name, score, LAG(score) OVER (PARTITION BY name) AS lead_score FROM (
    VALUES ('A', 10), ('A', 20), ('D', 20), ('D', 30)
) AS t (name, score)
 -- value '('A', 10, ), ('A', 20, 10), ('D', 20, ), ('D', 30, 20)'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function lag($1) returns $1
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/window.html#lag)

## `last_value`

Returns the last value of the window.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function last_value($1) returns $1
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/window.html#last_value)

## `lead`

Returns the value at offset rows after the current row in the window partition. Offsets start at 0, which is the current row. The offset can be any scalar expression.  The default offset is 1. If the offset is null, an error is raised. If the offset refers to a row that is not within the partition, the default\_value is returned, or if it is not specified null is returned. The lead() function requires that the window ordering be specified. Window frame must not be specified.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT name, score, LEAD(score) OVER (PARTITION BY name) AS lead_score FROM (
    VALUES ('A', 10), ('A', 20), ('D', 20), ('D', 30)
) AS t (name, score)
 -- value '('A', 10, 20), ('A', 20, ), ('D', 20, 30), ('D', 30, )'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function lead($1) returns $1
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/window.html#lead)

## `least`

Returns the smallest of the provided values.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT LEAST(5,6,7,1,2,3,4) -- list of columns or values -- value '1'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function least($3, ...) returns $3
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/comparison.html#least)

## `length`

Returns the length of string in characters.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select length('Hello World!') as value; -- value '12'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function length(varchar) returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/string.html#length)

## `levenshtein_distance`

Returns the Levenshtein edit distance of string1 and string2, i.e. the minimum number of single-character edits (insertions, deletions or substitutions) needed to change string1 into string2.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function levenshtein_distance(varchar, varchar) returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/string.html#levenshtein_distance)

## `ln`

Returns the natural logarithm of x.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select ln(2.1) as value; -- value '0.7419373447293773'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function ln(double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#ln)

## `localtimestamp`

Returns the current timestamp as of the start of the query, with 3 digits of subsecond precision.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function localtimestamp(0) returns timestamp(0)
function localtimestamp(3) returns timestamp(3)
function localtimestamp(6) returns timestamp(6)
function localtimestamp(9) returns timestamp(9)
```

*Note: localtimestamp() is stable,  i.e. might return a
different value for a different query execution.*

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#localtimestamp)

## `log`

Returns the base b logarithm of x.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT log(2.19, 1) AS value; -- value '0.0'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function log(double, double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#log)

## `log10`

Returns the base 10 logarithm of x.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select log10(10) as value; -- value '1.0'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function log10(double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#log10)

## `log2`

Returns the base 2 logarithm of x.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select log2(2) as value; -- value '1.0'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function log2(double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#log2)

## `lower`

Converts string to lowercase.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select lower('Hello World!') as value; -- value 'hello world!'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function lower(varchar) returns varchar
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/string.html#lower)

## `lpad`

Left pads string to size characters with padstring. If size is less than the length of string, the result is truncated to size characters. size must not be negative and padstring must be non-empty.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select lpad('😉', 5, '*') as value; -- value '****😉'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function lpad(varchar, bigint, varchar) returns varchar
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/string.html#lpad)

## `ltrim`

Removes leading whitespace from string.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select ltrim('   😉') as value; -- value '😉'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function ltrim(varchar) returns varchar
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/string.html#ltrim)

## `max`

Returns the maximum value of all input values.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
CREATE TABLE tbl AS VALUES (1), (5), (9); 
 SELECT max(tbl.column1) AS value FROM tbl; -- value '9'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function max($1, ...) returns $1
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/aggregate.html#max)

## `millisecond`

Returns the millisecond of the second from x.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function millisecond(time(p)) returns bigint
function millisecond(timestamp(p)) returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#millisecond)

## `min`

Returns the minimum value of all input values.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
CREATE TABLE tbl AS VALUES (1), (5), (9); 
 SELECT min(tbl.column1) AS value FROM tbl; -- value '1'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function min($1, ...) returns $1
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/aggregate.html#min)

## `minute`

Returns the minute of the hour from x.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function minute(time(p)) returns bigint
function minute(timestamp(p)) returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#minute)

## `mod`

Returns the modulus (remainder) of n divided by m.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function mod(bigint, bigint) returns bigint
function mod(double, double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#mod)

## `month`

Returns the month of the year from x.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT month(cast ('2024-11-01' AS date )) AS value; -- value '11'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function month(date) returns bigint
function month(timestamp(p)) returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#month)

## `now`

This is an alias for current\_timestamp.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select now() as value; -- value '2023-02-28 00:17:47.154040'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function now() returns timestamp
```

*Note: now() is stable,  i.e. might return a
different value for a different query execution.*

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#now)

## `nth_value`

Returns the value at the specified offset from the beginning of the window. Offsets start at 1. The offset can be any scalar expression.  If the offset is null or greater than the number of values in the window, null is returned.  It is an error for the offset to be zero or negative.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function nth_value($1, bigint) returns $1
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/window.html#nth_value)

## `ntile`

Divides the rows for each window partition into n buckets ranging from 1 to at most n. Bucket values will differ by at most 1. If the number of rows in the partition does not divide evenly into the number of buckets, then the remainder values are distributed one per bucket, starting with the first bucket.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT name, NTILE(5) OVER (ORDER BY score) AS ntile_col FROM (
    VALUES ('A', 10), ('A', 20), ('A', 30), ('A', 40)
) AS t (name, score)
 -- value '('A', 1), ('A', 2), ('D', 3), ('D', 4)'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function ntile(bigint) returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/window.html#ntile)

## `nullif`

Returns null if value1 equals value2, otherwise returns value1.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT nullif(1, 1) AS value; -- value 'NULL'
SELECT nullif(2, 1) AS value; -- value '2'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function nullif($1, $1) returns $1
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/conditional.html#nullif-function)

## `percent_rank`

Returns the percentage ranking of a value in group of values. The result is (r - 1) / (n - 1) where r is the rank() of the row and n is the total number of rows in the window partition.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT name, PERCENT_RANK() OVER (ORDER BY score) AS percent_rank_col FROM (
    VALUES ('A', 10), ('B', 20), ('C', 20), ('D', 30)
) AS t (name, score)
 -- value '('A', 0.0), ('B', 0.33333333), ('C', 0.33333333), ('D', 1.0)'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function percent_rank() returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/window.html#percent_rank)

## `pi`

Returns the constant Pi.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT PI() -- value '3.141592653589793'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function pi() returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#pi)

## `pow`

This is an alias for power().

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function pow(double, double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#pow)

## `power`

Returns x raised to the power of p.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select power(2, 8) as value; -- value '256'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function power(double, double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#power)

## `quarter`

Returns the quarter of the year from x. The value ranges from 1 to 4.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function quarter(date) returns bigint
function quarter(timestamp(p)) returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#quarter)

## `radians`

Converts angle x in degrees to radians.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT radians(360) AS value; -- value '6.283185307179586'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function radians(double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#radians)

## `rand`

This is an alias for random().

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function rand() returns double
```

*Note: rand() is volatile, i.e. might return a
different value for the same input.*

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#rand)

## `random`

Returns a pseudo-random value in the range 0.0 \<= x \< 1.0.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select random() as value; -- value '0.8781138533805801'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function random() returns double
```

*Note: random() is volatile, i.e. might return a
different value for the same input.*

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#random)

## `rank`

Returns the rank of a value in a group of values. The rank is one plus the number of rows preceding the row that are not peer with the row. Thus, tie values in the ordering will produce gaps in the sequence. The ranking is performed for each window partition.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT name, RANK() OVER (ORDER BY score) AS rank_col FROM (
    VALUES ('A', 10), ('B', 20), ('C', 20), ('D', 30)
) AS t (name, score)
 -- value '('A', 1), ('B', 2), ('C', 2), ('D', 4)'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function rank() returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/window.html#rank)

## `regexp_count`

Returns the number of occurrence of pattern in string.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function regexp_count(varchar, joniregexp) returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/regexp.html#regexp_count)

## `regexp_extract`

Returns the first substring matched in a string by the regular expression pattern.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT REGEXP_EXTRACT('email_address@gmail.com', '@(.*?)\.' -- value 'gmail'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function regexp_extract(varchar, joniregexp) returns varchar
function regexp_extract(varchar, joniregexp, bigint) returns varchar
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/regexp.html#regexp_extract)

## `regexp_extract_all`

Returns the substrings of a string matched by the regular expression pattern.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function regexp_extract_all(varchar, joniregexp) returns array<varchar>
function regexp_extract_all(varchar, joniregexp, bigint) returns array<varchar>
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/regexp.html#regexp_extract_all)

## `regexp_like`

Evaluates the regular expression pattern and determines if it is contained within string.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT REGEXP_like('email_address@gmail.com', '.*@.*\..*') AS is_valid_email -- value 'TRUE'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function regexp_like(varchar, joniregexp) returns boolean
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/regexp.html#regexp_like)

## `regexp_position`

Returns the index of the first occurrence (counting from 1) of pattern in string. Returns -1 if not found.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function regexp_position(varchar, joniregexp) returns bigint
function regexp_position(varchar, joniregexp, bigint) returns bigint
function regexp_position(varchar, joniregexp, bigint, bigint) returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/regexp.html#regexp_position)

## `regexp_replace`

Removes every instance of the substring matched by the regular expression pattern from string.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT REGEXP_REPLACE('text foo another text', 'foo', 'bar') -- value 'text bar another text'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function regexp_replace(varchar, joniregexp) returns varchar
function regexp_replace(varchar, joniregexp, varchar) returns varchar
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/regexp.html#regexp_replace)

## `regexp_split`

Splits string using the regular expression pattern and returns an array. Trailing empty strings are preserved.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function regexp_split(varchar, joniregexp) returns array<varchar>
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/regexp.html#regexp_split)

## `repeat`

Repeat element for count times.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select repeat('😉', 4) as value; -- value '😉😉😉😉'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function repeat($1, bigint) returns array<$1>
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/array.html#repeat)

## `replace`

Removes all instances of search from string.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select replace('Hello There', 'There') as value; -- value 'Hello '
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function replace(varchar, varchar, varchar) returns varchar
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/string.html#replace)

## `reverse`

Returns string with the characters in reverse order.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select reverse('Hello There') as value; -- value 'ereht olleH'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function reverse(array<$3>) returns array<$3>
function reverse(varchar) returns varchar
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/string.html#reverse)

## `round`

Returns x rounded to the nearest integer.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select round(2.1) as value; -- value '2.0'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function round(double) returns double
function round(double, bigint) returns double
function round(real) returns real
function round(real, bigint) returns real
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#round)

## `row_number`

Returns a unique, sequential number for each row, starting with one, according to the ordering of rows within the window partition.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT name, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY score) AS row_number_col FROM (
    VALUES ('A', 10), ('B', 20), ('C', 20), ('D', 30)
) AS t (name, score)
 -- value '('A', 1), ('B', 2), ('C', 3), ('D', 4)'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function row_number() returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/window.html#row_number)

## `rpad`

Right pads string to size characters with padstring. If size is less than the length of string, the result is truncated to size characters. size must not be negative and padstring must be non-empty.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select rpad('😉', 5, '*') as value; -- value '😉****'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function rpad(varchar, bigint, varchar) returns varchar
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/string.html#rpad)

## `rtrim`

Removes trailing whitespace from string.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select rtrim('😉   ') as value; -- value '😉'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function rtrim(varchar) returns varchar
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/string.html#rtrim)

## `second`

Returns the second of the minute from x.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function second(time(p)) returns bigint
function second(timestamp(p)) returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#second)

## `sha256`

Computes the SHA256 hash of binary.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select sha256('Hello World!') as value; -- value '7f83b1657ff1fc53b92dc18148a1d65dfc2d4b1fa3d677284addd200126d9069'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function sha256(varbinary) returns varbinary
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/binary.html#sha256)

## `sha512`

Computes the SHA512 hash of binary.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select sha512('Hello World!') as value; -- value '861844d6704e8573fec34d967e20bcfef3d424cf48be04e6dc08f2bd58c729743371015ead891cc3cf1c9d34b49264b510751b1ff9e537937bc46b5d6ff4ecc8'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function sha512(varbinary) returns varbinary
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/binary.html#sha512)

## `sign`

Returns the signum function of x, that is.

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function sign(decimal(p, s)) returns decimal(1, 0)
function sign(double) returns double
function sign(real) returns real
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#sign)

## `sin`

Returns the sine of x.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select sin(2.1) as value; -- value '-0.8632093666488737'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function sin(double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#sin)

## `sinh`

Returns the hyperbolic sine of x.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT sinh(1) AS value; -- value '1.1752011936438014'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function sinh(double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#sinh)

## `split`

Splits string on delimiter and returns an array.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT split('hello+world', '+') as value; -- value '[hello, world]'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function split(varchar, varchar) returns array<varchar>
function split(varchar, varchar, bigint) returns array<varchar>
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/string.html#split)

## `split_part`

Splits string on delimiter and returns the field index. Field indexes start with 1. If the index is larger than the number of fields, then null is returned.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT split_part('hello world', 'world', 1) as value; -- value 'hello'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function split_part(varchar, varchar, bigint) returns varchar
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/string.html#split_part)

## `sqrt`

Returns the square root of x.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select sqrt(16) as value; -- value '4.0'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function sqrt(double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#sqrt)

## `starts_with`

Tests whether substring is a prefix of string.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT starts_with('hello world', 'world') -- value 'false'
SELECT starts_with('hello world', 'hello') ; -- value 'true'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function starts_with(varchar, varchar) returns boolean
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/string.html#starts_with)

## `stddev`

This is an alias for stddev\_samp().

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function stddev(bigint) returns double
function stddev(double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/aggregate.html#stddev)

## `stddev_pop`

Returns the population standard deviation of all input values.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
CREATE TABLE tbl AS VALUES (1), (5), (9);  SELECT stddev_pop(column1) as value from tbl;
 -- value '3.265986323710904'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function stddev_pop(bigint) returns double
function stddev_pop(double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/aggregate.html#stddev_pop)

## `stddev_samp`

Returns the sample standard deviation of all input values.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
CREATE TABLE tbl AS VALUES (1), (5), (9);  SELECT stddev_samp(column1) as value from tbl;
 -- value '4.0'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function stddev_samp(bigint) returns double
function stddev_samp(double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/aggregate.html#stddev_samp)

## `strpos`

Returns the starting position of the first instance of substring in string. Positions start with 1. If not found, 0 is returned.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select strpos('Hello World', 'World') as value; -- value '7'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function strpos(varchar, varchar) returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/string.html#strpos)

## `substr`

This is an alias for substring().

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select substr('Hello World', 6) as value; -- value ' World'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function substr(varchar, bigint) returns varchar
function substr(varchar, bigint, bigint) returns varchar
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/string.html#substr)

## `substring`

Returns the rest of string from the starting position start. Positions start with 1. A negative starting position is interpreted as being relative to the end of the string.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select substring('Hello World', 6) as value; -- value ' World'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function substring(varchar, bigint) returns varchar
function substring(varchar, bigint, bigint) returns varchar
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/string.html#substring)

## `sum`

Returns the sum of all input values.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
CREATE TABLE tbl AS VALUES (1), (5), (9); 
 SELECT sum(tbl.column1) AS value FROM tbl; -- value '15'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function sum(bigint) returns bigint
function sum(double) returns double
function sum(decimal(p, s)) returns decimal(38, s)
function sum(real) returns real
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/aggregate.html#sum)

## `tan`

Returns the tangent of x.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select tan(0.5) as value; -- value '0.5463024898437905'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function tan(double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#tan)

## `tanh`

Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT tanh(1.0) AS value; -- value '0.7615941559557649'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function tanh(double) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#tanh)

## `to_hex`

Encodes binary into a hex string representation.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT to_hex(cast(1000 as varbinary)) AS value; -- value 'e8030000'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function to_hex(varbinary) returns varchar
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/binary.html#to_hex)

## `to_timestamp_seconds`

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function to_timestamp_seconds($1) returns timestamp
```

[🔗 Official Documentation]()

## `to_unixtime`

Returns timestamp as a UNIX timestamp.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT to_unixtime(now()) AS value; -- value '1718974807'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function to_unixtime(timestamp(p)) returns double
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#to_unixtime)

## `translate`

Returns the source string translated by replacing characters found in the from string with the corresponding characters in the to string.  If the from string contains duplicates, only the first is used.  If the source character does not exist in the from string, the source character will be copied without translation.  If the index of the matching character in the from string is beyond the length of the to string, the source character will be omitted from the resulting string.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select translate('Hello World', 'Hell', 'N') as value; -- value 'No Word'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function translate(varchar, varchar, varchar) returns varchar
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/string.html#translate)

## `trim`

Removes any leading and/or trailing characters as specified up to and including string from source.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select trim('  😉  ') as value; -- value '😉'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function trim(varchar) returns varchar
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/string.html#trim)

## `truncate`

Returns x rounded to integer by dropping digits after decimal point.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT truncate(1.23456, 2) as value; -- value '1.23'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function truncate(decimal(p, s), bigint) returns decimal(p, s)
function truncate(decimal(p, s)) returns decimal(rp, 0)
function truncate(double) returns double
function truncate(real) returns real
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/math.html#truncate)

## `upper`

Converts string to uppercase.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
select upper('Hello World!') as value; -- value 'HELLO WORLD!'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function upper(varchar) returns varchar
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/string.html#upper)

## `uuid`

Returns a pseudo randomly generated UUID (type 4).

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT uuid() as value; -- value '22552909-5560-4234-a383-5a968a4e2a91'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function uuid() returns uuid
```

*Note: uuid() is volatile, i.e. might return a
different value for the same input.*

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/uuid.html#uuid)

## `year`

Returns the year from x.

*Examples:*

```sql examples.sql theme={null}
SELECT year(cast('2024-01-01' as date)) as value; -- value '2024'
```

*Supported Signatures*

```sql theme={null}
function year(date) returns bigint
function year(timestamp(p)) returns bigint
```

[🔗 Official Documentation](https://trino.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#year)